Maternal, obstetric, and fetal Doppler characteristics in a high-risk population: prediction of adverse perinatal outcomes and of cesarean section due to intrapartum fetal compromise.

Objective: To evaluate the capacity of fetal Doppler, maternal, and obstetric characteristics for the prediction of cesarean section due to intrapartum fetal compromise (IFC), a 5-min Apgar score < 7, and an adverse perinatal outcome (APO), in a high-risk population. Materials and Methods: This was a prospective cohort study involving 613 singleton pregnant women, admitted for labor induction or at the beginning of spontaneous labor, who underwent Doppler ultrasound within the last 72 h before delivery. The outcome measures were cesarean section due to IFC, a 5-min Apgar score < 7, and any APO. Results: We found that maternal characteristics were neither associated with nor predictors of an APO. Abnormal umbilical artery (UA) resistance index (RI) and the need for intrauterine resuscitation were found to be significant risk factors for cesarean section due to IFC (p = 0.03 and p < 0.0001, respectively). A UA RI > the 95th percentile and a cerebroplacental ratio (CPR) < 0.98 were also found to be predictors of cesarean section due to IFC. Gestational age and a UA RI > 0.84 were found to be predictors of a 5-min Apgar score < 7 for newborns at < 29 and ≥ 29 weeks, respectively. The UA RI and CPR presented moderate accuracy in predicting an APO, with areas under the ROC curve of 0.76 and 0.72, respectively. Conclusion: A high UA RI appears to be a significant predictor of an APO. The CPR seems to be predictive of cesarean section due to IFC and of an APO in late preterm and term newborns.

Objetivo: Avaliar a capacidade do Doppler fetal e características materno-obstétricas na predição de cesariana por comprometimento fetal intraparto (CFI), índice de Apgar de 5º min < 7 e desfecho perinatal adverso (DPA) em uma população de alto risco. Materiais e Métodos: Estudo de coorte prospectivo envolvendo 613 parturientes admitidas para indução ou em início de trabalho de parto espontâneo que realizaram ultrassonografia Doppler nas 72 horas anteriores ao parto. Os desfechos foram cesariana por CFI, índice de Apgar de 5º min < 7 e DPA. Resultados: As características maternas não foram associadas nem preditoras de DPA. Índice de resistência (IR) da artéria umbilical (AU) anormal (p = 0,03) e necessidade de medidas de ressuscitação intrauterina (p < 0,0001) permaneceram como fatores de risco significativos para cesariana por CFI. IR AU > 95º e razão cerebroplacentária (RCP) < 0,98 foram preditores de cesariana. Idade gestacional e IR AU > 0,84 foram os preditores de índice de Apgar de 5º min < 7 para recém-nascidos < 29 e ≥ 29 semanas, respectivamente. IR AU e RCP apresentaram acurácia moderada na predição de DPA (área sob a curva ROC de 0,76 e 0,72, respectivamente). Conclusão: IR UA mostrou-se preditor significativo de DPA. RCP revelou-se possível preditora de cesariana por CFI e DPA em recémnascidos prematuros tardios e a termo.

Guideline No. 440: Management of Monochorionic Twin Pregnancies.

OBJECTIVE: This guideline reviews the evidence-based management of normal and complicated monochorionic twin pregnancies. TARGET POPULATION: Women with monochorionic twin or higher order multiple pregnancies. BENEFITS, HARMS, AND COSTS: Implementation of these recommendations should improve the management of both complicated and uncomplicated monochorionic (and higher order multiple) twin pregnancies. They will help users monitor monochorionic twin pregnancies appropriately and identify and manage monochorionic twin complications optimally in a timely manner, thereby reducing perinatal morbidity and mortality. These recommendations entail more frequent ultrasound monitoring of monochorionic twins compared to dichorionic twins. EVIDENCE: Published literature was retrieved through searches of PubMed and the Cochrane Library using appropriate MeSH headings (Twins, Monozygotic; Ultrasonography, Prenatal; Placenta; Fetofetal Transfusion; Fetal Death; Fetal Growth Retardation). Results were restricted to systematic reviews, randomized controlled clinical trials, and observational studies. There were no date limits, but results were limited to English or French language materials. VALIDATION METHODS: The content and recommendations were drafted and agreed upon by the principal authors. The Board of the SOGC approved the final draft for publication. The authors rated the quality of evidence and strength of recommendations using the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) approach. See online Appendix A (Tables A1 for definitions and A2 for interpretations of strong and conditional [weak] recommendations). INTENDED AUDIENCE: Maternal-fetal medicine specialists, obstetricians, radiologists, sonographers, family physicians, nurses, midwives, residents, and other health care providers who care for women with monochorionic twin or higher order multiple pregnancies. TWEETABLE ABSTRACT: Canadian (SOGC) guidelines for the diagnosis, ultrasound surveillance and management of monochorionic twin pregnancy complications, including TTTS, TAPS, sFGR (sIUGR), acardiac (TRAP), monoamniotic twins and intrauterine death of one MC twin. SUMMARY STATEMENTS: RECOMMENDATIONS.

Two- and three-dimensional sonographic findings of harlequin ichthyosis: case report and literature review.

BACKGROUND: Harlequin ichthyosis (HI) is a rare skin disorder with extremely high lethality due to a mutation of the ABCA12 gene. Because of its rarity and the often-late onset, prenatal screening for HI is extremely difficult, and most pregnant women might easily miss the period for optimal examinations. OBJECTIVE: To summarize the sonographic features of HI for prenatal diagnostic purposes. METHODS: The authors describe a case of HI with no family history who was diagnosed by using prenatal ultrasound scanning. The sonographic features of HI and the clinical characteristics of pregnant women were summarized by searching relevant literature over nearly two decades. RESULTS: The unique sonographic presentations including peeling skin, clenched hands and clubfeet, ectropion, flat nose, fetal growth impairment, polyhydramnios and echogenic amniotic fluid may be primarily related to skin disorders in HI fetuses. The authors also identified a novel pathogenic ABCA12 gene mutation and explained the possible pathogenic mechanisms. STUDY LIMITATIONS: Caution should be exercised in summarizing disease characteristics because of the small number of cases, and the authors are faced with the possibility of incomplete case searching. CONCLUSIONS: HI has relatively unique sonographic features. Therefore, 2D-ultrasound combined with 3D-ultrasound may be an effective method for the prenatal diagnosis of HI. Moreover, a novel pathogenic ABCA12 gene mutation may provide important clues for future research on the etiology of HI. However, the authors consider that additional studies are needed to provide more evidence for prenatal diagnosis.

Five-year retrospective review of ultrasound-guided manual vacuum aspiration for first-trimester miscarriage.

INTRODUCTION: Manual vacuum aspiration is increasingly accepted as an alternative to medical or surgical evacuation of the uterus after first-trimester miscarriage. This study aimed to assess the efficacy of ultrasound-guided manual vacuum aspiration (USG-MVA) in the management of first-trimester miscarriage. METHODS: This retrospective analysis included adult women with first-trimester miscarriage who underwent USG-MVA in Hong Kong between July 2015 and February 2021. The primary outcome was the efficacy of USG-MVA in terms of complete evacuation of the uterus, without the need for further medical or surgical intervention. Secondary outcomes included tolerance of the entire procedure, the success rate of karyotyping using chorionic villi, and procedural safety (ie, any clinically significant complications). RESULTS: In total, 331 patients were scheduled to undergo USG-MVA for first-trimester miscarriage or incomplete miscarriage. The procedure was completed in 314 patients and well-tolerated in all of those patients. The complete evacuation rate was 94.6% (297/314), which is similar to the rate (98.1%) achieved by conventional surgical evacuation in a previous randomised controlled trial in our unit. There were no major complications. Samples from 95.2% of patients were suitable for karyotyping, which is considerably higher than the rate of suitable samples (82.9%) obtained via conventional surgical evacuation in our previous randomised controlled trial. CONCLUSION: Ultrasound-guided manual vacuum aspiration is a safe and effective method to manage first-trimester miscarriage. Although it currently is not extensively used in Hong Kong, its broader clinical application could avoid general anaesthesia and shorten hospital stay.

Maternal visceral adiposity and fetal biometry in women with obesity and diabetes

SUMMARY OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to compare the correlation of maternal visceral adiposity with sonographic variables related to fetal biometry in the second trimester of pregnancy in mothers who were previously obese versus nonobese and gestational diabetic versus nondiabetic. METHODS: This cross-sectional study included 583 pregnant women who received prenatal care between October 2011 and September 2013 at the Instituto de Medicina Integral Prof. Fernando Figueira, northeast of Brazil. Maternal visceral adiposity was measured by ultrasound examination at the same time as fetal biometry. Gestational age was 14.9±3.2 weeks. The correlation between maternal visceral adiposity and fetal biometric variables was evaluated using Pearson's correlation coefficient. Among the groups, the correlation coefficients were compared using Fisher's Z-test. This test was also used to evaluate the null hypothesis of correlation coefficients between pairs of variables. RESULTS: Maternal visceral adiposity positively correlated with fetal abdominal circumference, estimated fetal weight, head circumference, femur length, and biparietal diameter in pregnant women with obesity, nonobesity, gestational diabetes, and nondiabetes, but the correlation coefficients were statistically similar among the groups. CONCLUSION: Maternal visceral adiposity positively correlated with fetal biometry in the second trimester of pregnancy in the same manner in pregnant women previously obese and nonobese, as well as in pregnant women with gestational diabetes and nondiabetes.

Finding the best method for screening for gestational diabetes mellitus: fetal thymic-thoracic ratio or fetal thymus transverse diameter

SUMMARY OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to compare the efficiency of fetal thymic-thoracic ratio and fetal thymus transverse diameter measurements in gestational diabetes mellitus. METHODS: Fetal thymic-thoracic ratio and fetal thymus transverse diameter were assessed in 360 pregnant women. Patients were examined in two groups: 180 gestational diabetes mellitus (study group) and 180 healthy pregnant women (control group). RESULTS: There were no statistically significant differences between the cases with gestational diabetes mellitus and the control group in terms of fetal thymus transverse diameter; however, the fetal thymic-thoracic ratio was found to be significantly lower in cases with gestational diabetes mellitus compared to that in the control group (p<0.001). CONCLUSION: The fetal thymic-thoracic ratio is superior to the fetal thymus transverse diameter in evaluating the fetal thymus size.

Maternal, obstetric, and fetal Doppler characteristics in a high-risk population: prediction of adverse perinatal outcomes and of cesarean section due to intrapartum fetal compromise / Características maternas, obstétricas e do Doppler fetal em uma população de alto risco: predição de desfechos perinatais adversos e de cesariana por comprometimento fetal intraparto

Abstract Objective: To evaluate the capacity of fetal Doppler, maternal, and obstetric characteristics for the prediction of cesarean section due to intrapartum fetal compromise (IFC), a 5-min Apgar score < 7, and an adverse perinatal outcome (APO), in a high-risk population. Materials and Methods: This was a prospective cohort study involving 613 singleton pregnant women, admitted for labor induction or at the beginning of spontaneous labor, who underwent Doppler ultrasound within the last 72 h before delivery. The outcome measures were cesarean section due to IFC, a 5-min Apgar score < 7, and any APO. Results: We found that maternal characteristics were neither associated with nor predictors of an APO. Abnormal umbilical artery (UA) resistance index (RI) and the need for intrauterine resuscitation were found to be significant risk factors for cesarean section due to IFC (p = 0.03 and p < 0.0001, respectively). A UA RI > the 95th percentile and a cerebroplacental ratio (CPR) < 0.98 were also found to be predictors of cesarean section due to IFC. Gestational age and a UA RI > 0.84 were found to be predictors of a 5-min Apgar score < 7 for newborns at < 29 and ≥ 29 weeks, respectively. The UA RI and CPR presented moderate accuracy in predicting an APO, with areas under the ROC curve of 0.76 and 0.72, respectively. Conclusion: A high UA RI appears to be a significant predictor of an APO. The CPR seems to be predictive of cesarean section due to IFC and of an APO in late preterm and term newborns.

Resumo Objetivo: Avaliar a capacidade do Doppler fetal e características materno-obstétricas na predição de cesariana por comprometimento fetal intraparto (CFI), índice de Apgar de 5º min < 7 e desfecho perinatal adverso (DPA) em uma população de alto risco. Materiais e Métodos: Estudo de coorte prospectivo envolvendo 613 parturientes admitidas para indução ou em início de trabalho de parto espontâneo que realizaram ultrassonografia Doppler nas 72 horas anteriores ao parto. Os desfechos foram cesariana por CFI, índice de Apgar de 5º min < 7 e DPA. Resultados: As características maternas não foram associadas nem preditoras de DPA. Índice de resistência (IR) da artéria umbilical anormal (p = 0,03) e necessidade de medidas de ressuscitação intrauterina (p < 0,0001) permaneceram como fatores de risco significativos para cesariana por CFI. IR AU > 95º e razão cerebroplacentária (RCP) < 0,98 foram preditores de cesariana. Idade gestacional e IR AU > 0,84 foram os preditores de índice de Apgar de 5º min < 7 para recém-nascidos < 29 e ≥ 29 semanas, respectivamente. IR AU e RCP apresentaram acurácia moderada na predição de DPA (área sob a curva ROC de 0,76 e 0,72, respectivamente). Conclusão: IR UA mostrou-se preditor significativo de DPA. RCP revelou-se possível preditora de cesariana por CFI e DPA em recémnascidos prematuros tardios e a termo.

Two- and three-dimensional sonographic findings of harlequin ichthyosis: case report and literature review

Abstract Background Harlequin ichthyosis (HI) is a rare skin disorder with extremely high lethality due to a mutation of the ABCA12 gene. Because of its rarity and the often-late onset, prenatal screening for HI is extremely difficult, and most pregnant women might easily miss the period for optimal examinations. Objective To summarize the sonographic features of HI for prenatal diagnostic purposes. Methods The authors describe a case of HI with no family history who was diagnosed by using prenatal ultrasound scanning. The sonographic features of HI and the clinical characteristics of pregnant women were summarized by searching relevant literature over nearly two decades. Results The unique sonographic presentations including peeling skin, clenched hands and clubfeet, ectropion, flat nose, fetal growth impairment, polyhydramnios and echogenic amniotic fluid may be primarily related to skin disorders in HI fetuses. The authors also identified a novel pathogenic ABCA12 gene mutation and explained the possible pathogenic mechanisms. Study limitations Caution should be exercised in summarizing disease characteristics because of the small number of cases, and the authors are faced with the possibility of incomplete case searching. Conclusions HI has relatively unique sonographic features. Therefore, 2D-ultrasound combined with 3D-ultrasound may be an effective method for the prenatal diagnosis of HI. Moreover, a novel pathogenic ABCA12 gene mutation may provide important clues for future research on the etiology of HI. However, the authors consider that additional studies are needed to provide more evidence for prenatal diagnosis.

Evaluation of measuring vomer-palate diameters at 11-13 + 6 weeks of gestation and its diagnostic value for cleft lip and palate / 中华超声影像学杂志

Objective:To investigate the reference range of the length and thickness of the fetal vomer-palate diameters at 11-13 + 6 weeks, and their role in the diagnosis of cleft lip and palate(CLP). Methods:From May 2020 to August 2021, 1 559 pregnant women who underwent ultrasound examination at 11-13 + 6 weeks in Guangdong Women and Children Hospital were selected, and the fetal vomer-palate in the median sagittal plane of the face was observed. The length and thickness diameters of the fetal were measured separately to establish the reference value range of normal fetal.The reference range was compared with the vomer-palate data of fetuses with confirmed CLP. Results:The 1 518 normal fetuses were divided into 11-13 + 6 weeks, 12-12 + 6 weeks and 13-13 + 6 weeks. The reference values of the long diameter of fetal vomer-palatine were 4.3-5.9 mm, 5.0-6.8 mm, 5.4-7.7 mm, and the reference values of the thick diameter were 2.0-2.9 mm, 2.2-3.4 mm, and 2.5-3.8 mm, respectively. The length and thickness of the fetal vomer-palatine were significantly positively correlated with the Crown-rump length ( rs=0.733, 0.634; all P<0.001). In the 1 559 fetals, 25 cases were diagnosed and confirmed with CLP, and the vomer-palate thickness diameters were smaller than the reference values in all cases, meanwhile, the vomer-palate length diameters of 22(88.0)% cases were smaller than the reference values. Conclusions:The reference range of fetal vomer-palate length and thickness at 11-13 + 6 weeks of gestation is valuable for the screening of fetal CLP.

Prenatal imaging classification and potential diseases of fetal abnormal sylvian fissure / 中华超声影像学杂志

Objective:To assess the ultrasonographic features and potential diseases of fetal abnormal sylvian fissure(SF), and to explore the value of whole-genome sequencing (WGS) in prenatal detection.Methods:A total of 28 fetuses with a sonographic diagnosis of abnormal SF in Shenzhen Maternal and Child Health Hospital Affiliated to Southern Medical University between October 2018 and October 2020 were prospectively included. The fetal brain was evaluated by neuroultrasound and intrauterine MRI in detail. Amniotic fluid/cord blood obtained by amniocentesis or tissue samples from umbilical cord after birth were collected for WGS. Pregnancy outcomes and postnatal MRI were recorded, and neurodevelopment of live-born infants was followed up for more than 24 months after delivery.Results:During the study period, 28 fetuses with abnormal SF were identified, with a gestational age of 21.3-30.0 (24.8±2.0) weeks. Abnormal SF presented in MCD ( n=15, 53.6%), chromosomal anomalies ( n=3, 10.7%) or single-gene genetic syndromes ( n=3, 10.7%) with the affected fetuses showing developmental delay, hydrocephalus or leukomalacia ( n=4, 14.2%), corpus callosal agenesis with large interhemispheric cysts ( n=1, 3.6%), benign subarachnoid space enlargement with arachnoid cysts ( n=1, 3.6%), and multiple malformations ( n=1, 3.6%). Among the 15 cases with MCD, the most common pathology was lissencephaly/pachygyria, followed by schizencephaly, severe microcephaly, hemimegalencephaly with paraventricular heterotopia, and polymicrogyria. Abnormal SF presented bilaterally in 23 fetuses and unilaterally in 5. All cases were categorized into six types depending on SF morphology in the transthalamic section: no plateau-like or a small insula, linear type, irregular corrugated SF, Z-shaped, and cyst occupying type. In addition to abnormal SF, associated anomalies or mild variations were identified in all fetuses. There were 17 cases underwent intrauterine MRI, and 13 cases underwent postnatal MRI examination.And 25 pregnancies were terminated; 3 were born alive, and 2 had typical syndromic changes with poor neurodevelopmental prognosis. A related pathogenic genetic variant was detected in 57.1% (16/28) fetus, and the incidence of single nucleotide variants(SNVs) was 42.9% (12/28), among which de novo SNVs accounted for 91.7% (11/12). Conclusions:Fetal abnormal SF could be classified based on the ultrasonographic features of transthalamic section. Fetal abnormal SF may indicate MCD, some chromosomal abnormalities or single-gene genetic syndromes that may lead to poor neurodevelopmental outcomes, and may be affected by extra-cortical factors. It is suggested to carry out targeted prenatal genetic diagnosis for fetuses with abnormal SF.

Screening of ultrasound markers for predicting selective fetal growth restriction in monochorionic twins at 11-13 + 6 weeks / 中华超声影像学杂志

Objective:To screen the ultrasound markers of predictive value at 11-13 + 6 weeks for selective fetal growth restriction (sFGR) in monochorionic (MC) twins. Methods:A retrospective analysis of MC twin pregnancies collected prospectively from June 2020 to December 2021 at Beijing Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Capital Medical University, with standardized ultrasound examinations performed at 11-13 + 6 weeks.According to the expert consensus on the diagnostic criteria for sFGR, collected MC twin pregnancies were divided into sFGR group and control group (normal MC twin group). Maternal age, maternal history, mode of conception, the incidence of increased nuchal translucency (NT) thickness, NT discordance, crown-rump length (CRL) discordance, abnormal ductus venous Doppler waveform and abnormal umbilical cord insertion position were compared between the two groups, and those markers that differed between groups were further analyzed for screening early ultrasound markers that could be used to predict sFGR. Results:A total of 106 cases were included in the analysis, 30 cases in sFGR group and 76 cases in control group. ①Compared with control group, sFGR group had a higher incidence of low fetal birth weight (below the 10th and 3rd percentile) in both surviving cases, large birth weight discordance and a higher incidence of birth weight inconsistency (difference >25%) ( P<0.001). ②Compared with control group, the CRL discordance was larger in sFGR group [7.8% (3.8%, 9.2%) versus 3.8% (1.5%, 7.2%)] and the incidence of abnormal cord insertion position (33.3% versus 6.6%) was higher, the differences were statistically significant ( P=0.004 and <0.001, respectively), whereas the differences of NT discordance, incidence of increased NT and abnormal ductus venous Doppler waveform were not statistically significant (all P values >0.05). ③CRL discordance was a risk factor for sFGR ( OR=1.136, 95% CI=1.021-1.264), with an area under the ROC curve of 0.682 (95% CI=0.576-0.787) for predicting sFGR, the sensitivity and specificity were 0.567 and 0.737 at a cut-off value of 6.5%. Abnormal umbilical cord insertion position was a risk factor for sFGR ( OR=7.100, 95% CI=2.176-23.167) with a sensitivity of 0.333 and specificity of 0.934 for predicting sFGR. Conclusions:CRL discordance and abnormal cord insertion position are risk factors for the development of sFGR and are of value in predicting sFGR in MC twins.

Ultrasonographic diagnosis and prognosis of transposition of the great arteries at 11-13 + 6 weeks gestation / 中华超声影像学杂志

Objective:To investigate the value of ultrasonography in diagnosis of transposition of great arteries of the fetus at 11-13 + 6 weeks gestation. Methods:A prospective study was conducted on fetuses screened by ultrasound in the first trimester in Maternal and Child Health Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region between January 2015 and March 2022. Fetal heart structure was screened by three-section screening method. Fetuses with suspected transposition of the great arteries at 11-13 + 6 weeks gestation underwent followed-up ultrasound examination, chromosome and gene test results. The ultrasound characteristics and prognosis pregnancy outcomes were summarized. Results:Twenty-one cases of transposition of the great arteries were detected by ultrasonography, including complete transposition of great arteries (20 cases) and congenitaly corrected transposition of the great arteries (1 case). Two cases were miss diagnosed. Twenty-one cases showed parallel signs of two major arteries on grayscale outflow section at 11-13 + 6 weeks gestation. There were 6 cases with aneuploid ultrasonographic soft markers abnormality, 2 cases with extracardiac malformation. Chromosome and microarray analysis were performed in 13 cases. 4 cases with chromosomal abnormality. Four cases of chromosomal abnormalities were associated with ultrasonographic soft markers abnormality, and 1 case with extracardiac malformation.In the 23 cases, 20 cases were induced, 1 miscarried, and 2 delivered to term. Among the fetuses delivered at term, 1 case died before neonatal operation and 1 case survived. Conclusions:Standardized ultrasound scan at 11-13 + 6 weeks has high accuracy in diagnosis of transposition of the great arteries. And the incidence of chromosomal abnormality is high with ultrasonographic soft markers abnormality or extracardiac malformation.

Prenatal ultrasound diagnosis of fetal testicular torsion: a case report / 中华围产医学杂志

This article reported a case of fetal testicular torsion diagnosed by prenatal ultrasound. Ultrasound examination at 38 weeks of gestation showed a slightly enhanced echo in the left testicle of the fetus and fluid accumulation within the testicular sheath cavity and between the sheath and fascia, presenting a 'double-ring' sign. An emergency cesarean section was performed considering the risk of acute fetal testicular torsion. Postnatal ultrasound images revealed abnormalities in the left testicle of the neonate and peripheral effusion with a 'double-ring' echo. The patient was considered to have congenital testicular torsion (with a high possibility of extravaginal type) and received an emergency treatment of left testicular torsion reduction combined with testicular fixation surgery and right testicular fixation surgery. Six months after surgery, reexamination by ultrasound showed the testicles of the newborn were normal.

Variation of amniotic fluid γ-glutamyl transferase level at 19-23 +6 gestational weeks in normal pregnancies / 中华围产医学杂志

Objective:To detect the levels of γ-glutamyl transferase (GGT) in the amniotic fluid of normal pregnancies at 19-23 +6 gestational weeks and to analyze the changes in GGT level with gestational age. Methods:This study retrospectively collected the amniotic fluid supernatant from 383 singleton pregnant women (102, 103, 82, 68 and 28 cases at 19-19 +6, 20-20 +6, 21-21 +6, 22-22 +6, 23-23 +6 weeks of gestation, respectively) who underwent amniocentesis for prenatal diagnosis but had normal genetic diagnosis results in Cheeloo Hospital of Shandong University from January 2021 to September 2022. The levels of GGT in the amniotic fluid supernatant were tested and the statistical parameters including xˉ± s, min-max, median ( M), P1, P2.5, P5, P95, P97.5 and P99 values of GGT levels at each gestational week were calculated. GGT were non-normal data and converted into natural logarithms (lnGGT), and a least square linear regression equation was established to analyze the relationship between lnGGT and gestational week. Results:At 19-19 +6, 20-20 +6, 21-21 +6, 22-22 +6, and 23-23 +6 gestational weeks, the xˉ± s of amniotic fluid GGT were (385.8±235.7), (331.8±219.4), (253.7±197.9), (226.7±166.4), and (155.3±96.8) U/L, and the weekly declines were 14.0%, 23.5%, 10.6%, and 31.5%, respectively; the M values were 311.0, 288.0, 199.0, 160.5, and 105.5 U/L, and the weekly declines were 7.4%, 30.9%, 19.3%, and 34.3%, respectively; the P1- P99 were 67.1-1 404.5, 63.2-1 189.1, 36.0-849.8, 44.0-787.3, and 32.0-375.6 U/L, respectively. lnGGT was negatively correlated with gestational age ( R 2=0.148, P<0.001). Conclusions:In normal pregnancies at 19-23 +6 gestational weeks, GGT levels in amniotic fluid decrease with gestational age. Therefore, gestational age should be considered when establishing the reference value for amniotic fluid GGT in normal pregnancies.

Massive subchorionic thrombohematoma at umbilical cord insertion: a case report / 中华围产医学杂志

This article reported the management and outcome of a pregnant woman diagnosed with massive subchorionic thrombohematoma at the umbilical cord insertion. The patient was found to have a large placental hematoma below the insertion site of the umbilical cord at 28 weeks of gestation by ultrasound and MRI. Fetal growth and the condition of the placenta were closely monitored thereafter. The patient was delivered with good maternal and infant outcomes through emergency cesarean section at 33 +5 weeks of gestation due to a significantly enlarged hematoma with abnormal umbilical blood flow.

Nonsense variation of OTUD5 gene in a fetus with X-linked multiple congenital anomalies- neurodevelopmental syndrome / 中华围产医学杂志

We report a fetus presented with complex cardiac malformations, pulmonary atresia with ventricular septal defect, detected by fetal echocardiography at 17 +4 weeks. The pregnancy was terminated after routine counseling and genetic tests were performed on umbilical cord of the induced fetus and peripheral blood samples of the parents. Whole-exome sequencing identified a novel maternally-inherited and likely pathogenic variation hemizygous nonsense variant, c.1651C>T (p.Gln551*) in the OTUD5 gene (NM_017602.3), which was confirmed by subsequent Sanger sequencing. The fetus was finally diagnosed as X-linked multiple congenital anomalies-neurodevelopmental syndrome.

Diagnosis of fetal closed spina bifida without subcutaneous mass with prenatal ultrasound / 中华围产医学杂志

Objective:To investigate the prenatal ultrasound findings and clinical prognosis in fetal closed spina bifida without subcutaneous mass.Methods:This retrospective study included nine fetuses diagnosed with closed spina bifida without subcutaneous mass by prenatal ultrasound in Women's Hospital of Jiangnan University from October 2016 to February 2022. Descriptive analysis was used to summarize the ultrasonographic features, MRI findings, genetic testing results, pregnancy outcomes and follow-up data.Results:The diagnosis of fetal closed spina bifida without subcutaneous mass was confirmed in all cases by MRI, X-ray examination or ultrasound after termination or neonatal surgery. Four cases presenting with various degrees of sacral vertebra defects had caudal regression syndrome complicated by other malformations. Two cases had dermal sinus, presenting with subcutaneous hypoechoic sinus tract connecting to the spinal canal. Lipoma terminalis were found in two fetuses who presented with intraspinal hyperechoic mass. One fetus with diastematomyelia showed short linear strong echoes and double spinal cord echoes in the spinal canal with butterfly vertebrae. The location of the conus medullaris was lower in seven cases and normal in one fetus. The other one case had unclear position of the conus medullaris. No postoperative complications occurred in the two cases (one with dermal sinus and one with lipoma terminalis) receiving postnatal surgery and both infants grew and developed normally. Fetal death occurred in one case and six pregnancies were terminated.Conclusions:Closed spina bifida without subcutaneous mass typically has ultrasonographic features. Detection of spinal cord echoes in the spinal canal can improve the prenatal detection rate. Whether it is complicated with malformation affects its prognosis. Prenatal ultrasound diagnosis may provide information for prognosis consultation and postpartum treatment.

Prenatal echocardiographic features and outcomes of congenital ventricular outpouching in ten fetuses / 中华围产医学杂志

Objective:To summarize the echocardiographic features and outcomes in fetuses with congenital ventricular outpouching (CVO).Methods:This retrospective study enrolled ten fetuses diagnosed with CVO by fetal echocardiography in the Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University and Qingdao Women and Children's Hospital from January 2015 to April 2022. Clinical data were analyzed, including echocardiographic features, other intracardiac and extracardiac malformations, karyotypes, and pregnancy outcomes. Data were analyzed by descriptive statistics.Results:All ten cases were single, including eight ventricular diverticula and two ventricular aneurysms. Five cases had the anomaly in the left ventricular and the other five in the right. Five cases were isolated malformations, and the other five were complicated by other intra- or extracardiac malformations. A pathogenic copy number variation was detected in one case. Three pregnancies were terminated, and one was lost to follow-up. The other six fetuses were born alive and showed no obvious clinical symptoms or abnormalities in growth and development during 3-70 months of follow-up. The right ventricular diverticulum spontaneously disappeared in one case. One case with the right ventricular aneurysm was also diagnosed with noncompaction of the left ventricular myocardium by echocardiography at six months.Conclusions:Fetal CVO presents with typical echocardiographic features and can be diagnosed prenatally. Regular follow-up during pregnancy is recommended to observe the sizes of outpouchings and the occurrence of complications in fetuses with CVO after excluding other structural and chromosomal abnormalities to avoid unnecessary termination. Attention should also be paid to postnatal follow-up.

Prognosis of fetal umbilical cord cyst with structural abnormalities indicated by prenatal ultrasound: analysis of 109 cases / 中华围产医学杂志

Objective:To explore the prognosis of umbilical cord cysts in fetuses with structural abnormalities diagnosed by prenatal ultrasonography.Methods:This retrospective study involved 109 cases of umbilical cord cysts diagnosed by ultrasound at Beijing Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital from January 2016 to December 2020. According to the ultrasound findings, these cases were divided into the isolated umbilical cord cyst, umbilical cord cyst with soft ultrasound markers, and umbilical cord cyst with fetal malformation groups. Chi-square was performed for statistical analysis to compare the prognosis. Results:(1) Among 109 cases of umbilical cord cysts, 55 cases (50.5%) were isolated, 20 (18.3%) were complicated by soft ultrasound markers, and 34 (31.2%) cases were complicated by fetal malformation. After excluding two cases of multiple cysts at different locations, the incidence of umbilical cord cysts at the placental end, free segment, and fetal terminal with other ultrasound abnormalities in the remaining 107 cases increased sequentially [27.5% (14/51), 10/17, and 76.9% (30/39), χ2=22.20, P<0.001]. The incidence of umbilical cord cysts with other ultrasound abnormalities at the fetal end was higher than at the placental end ( χ2=21.65, P<0.001). (2) A total of 60 fetal malformations were detected, dominated by fetal ventricular septal defect, omphalocele, giant bladder, fetal edema, and nuchal cystic hygroma, et al., mainly involving the cardiovascular system, urogenital system, anterior abdominal wall, and skeletal system. (3) Eighty-nine cases were followed up to the end of the pregnancy, and 21 (23.6%) of them had adverse outcomes. The prognoses of isolated umbilical cord cyst cases were all good. Two pregnancies (2/18) were terminated in the umbilical cord cyst with ultrasound soft markers group. In the group of umbilical cord cyst with fetal malformation, 19 pregnancies (19/26, 73.1%) had adverse outcomes, including pregnancy termination, intrauterine fetal demise, and perinatal death. Conclusions:The prognosis of isolated umbilical cord cysts is generally good. The umbilical cord cyst complicated by soft ultrasound marker and fetal malformation can have adverse outcomes, while conditions might be worse in those with fetal malformation. When an umbilical cord cyst is revealed, a systematical examination is recommended to identify whether it is combined with other ultrasound abnormalities.

Prenatal diagnosis of abnormal morphology of Sylvian fissure and malformations of cortical development / 中华围产医学杂志

Objective:To investigate the significance of abnormal morphology of Sylvian fissure detected by fetal neurosonogram (NSG) in prenatal diagnosis of malformations of cortical development (MCD).Methods:This retrospective study involved fetuses with abnormal morphology of Sylvian fissure on prenatal NSG in Peking University First Hospital between January 2016 and December 2021. Clinical data including the basic information as well as the results of NSG, genetic examinations and MRI were collected. The diagnosis of MCD could be made when both brain morphological abnormalities and pathogenic/likely pathogenic genetic abnormalities were presented. The association between the abnormal morphology of Sylvian fissure and MCD was analyzed by descriptive analysis.Results:Thirteen participants who had complete genetic information were included in this study [defined as those who were found with pathogenic/likely pathogenic copy number variation (CNV) or those who further underwent whole-exome sequencing (WES) as no pathogenic/likely pathogenic CNV were detected]. Twelve fetuses (12/13) were eventually diagnosed with MCD. Pathogenic CNV were found in seven fetuses and pathogenic point mutations in five, involving six pathogenic genes and four genetic syndromes. Symmetric morphologic abnormality of Sylvian fissure was detected in 10 cases by prenatal NSG with shallow and broad shape in six and abnormal angle of Sylvian fissure in four. The other two fetuses showed asymmetric abnormal morphology of Sylvian fissure that was shallow and broad shape on one side and abnormal angle on the other. The imaging features of MCD present by prenatal NSG and were consistent with those of MRI.Conclusions:Abnormal morphology of Sylvian fissure detected by prenatal NSG is important in MCD diagnosis. Genetic examination are recommended to the fetuses with abnormal morphology of Sylvian fissure. For those requiring for genetic analysis, chromosomal microarray analysis together with WES might be an optimal choice.